[ Big Thicket ATBI  ]  [ meaning of biometric variables ]  [ sectional links ]  [ collecting sites ]   [ bibliography ]  [ Amanita Studies home ]  [checklists & keys page ]
DRAFT - date at bottom of page - Under active development - DRAFT

CHECKLIST OF AMANITA TAXA RECORDED FOR EAST TEXAS 
& GULF COAST REGIONS OF LOUSIANA & MISSISSIPPI

Rodham E. Tulloss
P. O. Box 57, Roosevelt, NJ 08555-0057

David P. Lewis
262 CR 3062
Newton, TX 75966

.

This page is dedicated to the memories of
Dr. William Cibula & Dr. Alexander H. Smith.

In this list of Amanita species, there are now 88? taxa of which 35? appear to be undescribed in the literature. Among the remaining 53? taxa are some questionable determinations found in older literature.  We hope to purge incorrect determinations from the list, eventually. At the moment, however, we retain them as a goad to reach for greater clarity.

 With regard to supraspecific taxa, this document follows (Corner and Bas, 1962) and (Bas, 1969).

Many good collections probably representing material that should be added to this list are among the collections of A. H. Smith in MICH. This list does not yet include taxa from Texas recorded in A. H. Smith’s Ms. treatment of Amanita in the US--another problem that needs to be rectified.

Symbol key: A ”+” after a taxon name indicates it was collected at the 10th Texas Mycological Society foray in the Big Thicket National Preserve (October, 1986). An "@" in a similar position means the taxon was collected at the July, 1987 NAMA Gulf Coast Foray in southern Louisiana and Mississippi. An "H" in a similar position means the taxon was collected at the December, 1989 Harrison (MS) foray of the Gulf Coast Mycological Society. A "!" in a similar position means that the taxon was collected at the June, 2000 NAMA foray.

Photo credits not given on this page are to be found on individual species pages.

Background tile: Amanita levistriata

BIG THICKET ATBI

The Thicket of Diversity project (Big Thicket All-Taxa Biodiversity Inventory) was initiated in 2007.  DPL is presently leader of the Fungus Taxonomic Working Group (TWIG) for this ATBI.

(t.b.d.)

 

TAXONOMIC PART

Links to listings for sections of the genus Amanita: Amanita  Vaginatae  Lepidella  Amidella  Phalloideae  Validae
 

Subgenus Amanita (Spores inamyloid.)
Section Amanita (Stipe bearing a basal bulb, do not confuse with cupulate volval remains on nonbulbous stipe base.)
[ sectional links ]  [  top ]  [ meaning of biometric variables ]  [ bibliography ]  [ Amanita Studies home ]  [ checklists & keys page ]

1.

  1. farinosa Schwein. @! (RET 7-16-87-F) (JE86) (LMC81) (WS85) (RET) (Spores: [160/8/8] (6.0-) 6.5 - 8.8 (-10.5) × (5.2-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-9.0) µm, (L = (6.8-) 7.1 - 8.0 µm; L’ = 7.4 µm; W = 5.8 - 6.4 (-6.5) µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.08 - 1.38 (-1.47); Q = 1.15 - 1.27 (-1.31); Q’ = 1.22).)  [ image ]

     

    2.
  2. gemmata sensu auct. SE USA  (WS85) (MM92) (TMS86) (Probable incorrect determination.)

    3. Amanita levistriata

  3. levistriata Dav. T. Jenkins @! (RET 7-16-87-D, -I, 7-17-87-C, -D, -H, 7-18-87-E, -I, 6-10-00-C) (JE88) (RET) (Formerly called “sp. T14.” Spores: [80/4/4] (6.7-) 7.8 - 9.3 (-9.97) × (5.5-) 6.3 - 7.8 (-9.5) µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.31; Q = 1.11.)  [ image ]

    4.

  4. multisquamosa Peck (JE86) (=A. pantherina var. multisquamosa (Peck) Dav. T. Jenkins. =A. cothurnata G. F. Atk. Spores: [72/4/4] (6.6-) 7.0 - 11.2 (-15.0) × (5.2-) 5.6 - 8.4 (-8.7) µm, (L = 7.8 - 9.8 µm; L’ = 8.8 µm; W = 6.3 - 7.1 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.05-) 1.12 - 1.50 (-1.58); Q = 1.22 - 1.39; Q’ = 1.31).)  [ image ]  

    5.

  5.   muscaria var. persicina Dav. T. Jenkins H (RET 12-2-89-A, -B, -C) (JE86) (LMC81) (RET) (TMS86) (Apparently, the dominant muscarioid taxon of the southeastern USA.  In the northern limit of its known range, this species overlaps with the range of the yellow muscarioid taxon of northeastern North America presently known as A. muscaria var. guessowii.  Very large collections (thousands of basidiomes) known from Harrison, MS site. Spores: [305/15/11] (8.0-) 9.4 - 12.7 (-18.0) × (5.5-) 6.5 - 8.5 (-11.1) µm, (L = (9.8-) 10.0 - 12.1 (-12.3) µm; L’ = 10.8 µm; W = (6.8-) 6.9 - 8.0 (-8.1) µm; W’ = 7.4 µm; Q = (1.19-) 1.29 - 1.69 (-2.25); Q = (1.36-) 1.38 - 1.60 (-1.69); Q’ = 1.48).)  [ image ]

    6.

  6. muscaria subsp. flavivolvata Singer (WS85) (A number of collections sent to RET under this name in the past have proven to be A. muscaria var. persicina.  Therefore, the distribution of subsp. flavivolvata in the study region may not be as clearly understood as was thought in the recent past.  Spores: )  [ image ]


    7.

  7. parcivolvata (Peck) E. J. Gilbert (JE86) (Exannulate, yellow-powdered stipe.  Range extends into NE New Jersey, at least; much more common in the southeastern states of the U.S.  Spores: [87/5/4] (8.4-) 9.1 - 11.5 (-12.6) × (5.6-) 6.3 - 7.9 (-8.0) µm, (L = 9.9 - 10.9 µm; L’ = 10.4 µm; W = 6.7 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 7.0 µm; Q = (1.26-) 1.31 - 1.64 (-1.67); Q = 1.38 - 1.55; Q’ = 1.48).)  
    [ image ]     

     

  8. pubescens sensu Coker (COK17) (LMC81) (Jenkins [JE77] considered this name a nomen dubium. Nevertheless, Coker supplies a very clear macroscopic description of the fungus to which he applied Schweinitz’s name.)

    9.

  9. roseitincta (Murrill) Murrill @! (RET 6-10-00-E) (WS85) (TMS86) (RET) (=komarekensis Jenkins & Vinopal.  Rather commonly collected in the SE US, but sometimes not recognized.  Known NE limit of range is in the coastal plain region of central New Jersey.  Volva is triplex with powdery basal layer, dark pyramidal warts layer, and membranous layer -- all to be seen in the above images.  Underside of partial veil is often pink at first.  All pigments altering rapidly in sunlight.  Spores: [60/3/3] (8.2-) 9.0 - 11.5 (-14.4) × (5.9-) 6.0 - 8.5 (-10.0) µm, (L = 9.7 - 10.4 µm; L' = 10.0 µm; W = 6.9 - 7.6 µm; W' = 7.2 µm; Q = (1.15-) 1.21 - 1.66 (-1.74); Q = 1.38 - 1.44; Q' = 1.40).)  [ image ]

     

  10.  species T22 @ (RET 7-18-87-F, -G) (RET) (Tiny beige "gemmata"; spores: (7.5-) 8.0 - 10.0 (-10.8) × (5.2-) 5.8 - 7.0 (-7.2) µm; Q = 1.26 - 1.50 (-1.54); Q = 1.41.)
    11.

Section Vaginatae (Stipe lacking a bulb at its base.)
[ sectional links ]  [  top ]  [ meaning of biometric variables ]  [ bibliography ]  [ Amanita Studies home ]  [checklists & keys page ]

11.

  1. arkansana Rosen @ (RET 7-16-87-C, -G) (TMS86) (RET) (= species T11.  Orange-brown disk with yellowish margin.  Often rather fragile at maturity.  Apparently limited to the SE U.S. states.  Spores: [20/1/1] (7.0-) 7.7 - 9.4 (-9.8) × 5.6 - 7.0 µm, (L = 8.6 µm; W = 6.3 µm; Q = 1.17 - 1.47 (-1.68); Q = 1.37).)  [ image ]

     

  2. fulva sensu auct. amer. orient. (JE86) (TMS86) (Improbable determination.  The name may be applied to more than one taxon in the region of study.)

     

  3. inaurata sensu Peck ! (RET 6-10-00-G) (LMC81) (WS85) (TMS86) (RET) [also as ceciliae and "affin. inaurata"; possibly sp. V3.  The name may be applied to more than one taxon in the region of study.]

    4.

  4. jacksonii Pomerleau (DPL 6186 mixed with sp. T31.) (JE86) (LMC81) (WS85?) (TMS86) (RET) (=umbonata Pomerleau =caesarea sensu auct. amer.  Spores: [317/15/11] (7.0-) 7.8 - 10.0 (-12.1) × (5.2-) 6.0 - 7.5 (-8.7) µm, (L = (8.1-) 8.4 - 9.5 µm; L’ = 8.8 µm; W = (6.0-) 6.3 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.20 - 1.52 (-1.63); Q = 1.25 - 1.40 (-1.42); Q’ = 1.32).)  [ image ]

    15.
     

  5. spreta (Peck) Sacc. @ (RET 7-14-87-H) (TMS86) (RET) (Uncommon.  Cap ranges from cream to brownish gray to grayish brown, often virgate.  Partial veil often grayish as it ages.  Universal veil at stipe base usually a rather short saccate volva.  Spores: [134/7/7] (7.7-) 9.4 - 13.1 (-15.5) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.8 (-9.0) µm, (L = 9.9 - 12.4 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 6.2 - 7.3 µm; W’ = 6.9 µm; Q = (1.40-) 1.48 - 1.83 (-2.04); Q = 1.60 - 1.76; Q’ = 1.65).  Spores (from the type per Jenkins): 10.2 - 13.3 × 5.5 - 7.0 µm; Q’ = 1.86.)  [ image ]

     

  6. vaginata sensu auct. SE USA (WS85) (JE86) (TMS86) [includes "livida" and "affin. vaginata"]

    17.

  7. species T1 + (RET 10-25-86-B) (RET) (Close to inaurata sensu Pk. or ceciliae sensu Dav. T. Jenkins;  grayish-brown, sometimes with pallid margin.  Similar to species V3.  Spores: [20/1/1] (9.1-) 10.5 - 11.5 (-14.0) × 9.1 - 11.9 (-12.6) µm, (L = 11.0 µm; W = 10.7 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.06 (-1.11); Q = 1.03).  Photo by RET.)  [ image ]

     

  8. species T2 +! (RET 6-10-00-A, -M) (RET) (Pileus rich brown; stipe decorated with dark fibrils; stipe tall and slender; universal veil saccate.)

    19.

  9. species T5 + (RET 10-25-86-H) (RET) (A small, slender, exannulate entity with sheathing volva; pileus yellowish with yellow-brown disk. Spores: [20/1/1] (8.4-) 8.7 - 11.9 (-12.6) × 8.4 - 10.8 (-12.6) µm, ( L = 9.9 µm; W = 9.6 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.10; Q = 1.04).)  [ image ]

     

  10. species T6 ! (DPL 217(DTJ), 1773, 1798, 1944, 3143, 3502; RET 6-9-00-B) (RET) (A very small to small entity having a pileus with yellow margin and olive disk, somewhat concolorous stipe, and a whitish to yellow white, sheathing volva. It is distinguished from A. sinicoflava by its yellow pileus margin, non-graying volva, and different volval tissue. DPL has called it “#217.” Spores: [20/1/1] 9.8 - 10.8 (-11.2) × (8.7-) 9.4 - 10.5 µm, (L = 10.4 µm; W = 9.9 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.08 (-1.13); Q = 1.05).)

    21.

  11. species T10 @! (NAMA 2000-249; DPL 6923) (RET) (Pileus nearly black; stipe exannulate, with saccate membranous volva; basidiome rather small.  Spores: ?. Photo by DPL; Photoshop® edit by RET.)  [ image ]

     

  12. species T16 @! (RET 7-17-87-A, 6-9-00-C) (RET) (small gray pileus with striae 80% of radius; stipe exannulate; spores: [20/1/1] (8.4-) 8.7 - 9.8 (-11.9) × (7.0-) 8.0 - 8.7 (-9.8) µm, (L = 9.4 µm; W = 8.3 µm; Q = 1.0 - 1.22 (-1.40); Q = 1.14).)

     

  13. species T23 @ (RET 7-18-87-H) (RET) (pale yellowish beige pileus, stipe having dense flocculence concolorous with pileus; spores: [20/1/1] (9.4-) 10.1 - 11.9 (-15.7) × 7.7 - 9.1 (-11.2) µm, (L = 11.1 µm; W = 8.6 µm; Q = (1.14-) 1.20 - 1.45; Q = 1.29).)

     

  14. species T24 @ (RET) (Dr. D. T. Jenkins has a collection; spreta-like, brown pileus with fragile, graying, submembranous partial veil.)

     

  15. species T30 (J. Justice 24.xi.1991 s.n., 17.x.1993 s.n.) (RET) (Pileus deep red-brown (7E5-6 over disk, 6E5-6 toward margin); universal veil with pinkish orange tints, leaving patches on pileus (becoming grayish) and on lower stipe, sometimes with very reduced cupulate volva; stipe with pinkish orange fibrils that darken with maturity to dirt brown. Spores: ?.)

     

  16. species T31 (DPL 5908, 6010) (RET) (affin. sp. F11 (Florida checklist), affin. jacksonii. Begins with brownish red or brownish red-orange pileus, margin quickly yellow, margin sometimes fading to yellow-white to whitish to white; stipe appears white in photographs (possibly with faint yellow scales) and has base attached to volva on sides of stipe, not only at bottom; universal veil with yellowish limbus internus. Spores: [100/5/2] (7.3-) 7.6 - 10.6 (-14.1) × (5.0-) 5.3 - 6.8 (-8.5) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.5 µm; L' = 9.0 µm; W = 5.6 - 6.5 µm; W' = 6.0 µm; Q = (1.30-) 1.33 - 1.67 (-1.92); Q = 1.46 - 1.54; Q' = 1.49).)

     

  17. species T32 ! (RET 6-9-00-A) (RET) (?)

     

  18. species T33 (RET) ! 

     

  19. species T35 (RET) ! 

     

Subgenus Lepidella  (Spores amyloid.)
Section Amidella  (Margin appendiculate -- at least at first.  Volva as a multilayered, thick-limbed, sac on a bulbless stipe base.  Many taxa in this section have the unusual combination of amyloid spores with a striate cap margin and truncate lamellae.  Species in this section often require microscopic examination for certain identification.  A frequent exception is species 50.  [RET has personal correct field ID rate of around 75% -- inadequate.]  Many species in this section will stain pinkish (sometimes very briefly) if collected in moist weather or otherwise in very fresh condition.  Toxicity of North American taxa of sect. Amidella is unknown.)
[ sectional links ]  [  top ] [ meaning of biometric variables ]  [ bibliography ]  [ Amanita Studies home ]  [ checklists & keys page ]

  1.  peckiana Kauffman in Peck @! (RET 7-18-87-B; DPL 4312) (RET) (?=cylindrisporiformis (Murrilll) Murrill ?=margarita (Murrill) Murrill. Formerly called both "species F8" (Florida list) and "species T21." Spores: [40/2/2] (10.8-) 12.2 - 17.2 (-19.2) × 4.8 - 5.9 (-6.3) µm; L = 12.9 - 14.7 µm; W = 5.1 - 5.7 µm; Q = (1.83-) 2.05 - 3.44 (-3.69); Q = 2.26 - 2.90)

    31.

  2.   pseudovolvata Tulloss nom. prov. @! (RET 7-14-87-F, -L, -M, 7-15-87-B, 7-16-87-F, -I, 7-17-87-G, 7-18-87-A, 7-19-87-A; DPL 4018 and 4124) (WS85) (RET) (=“species 41.”  (New Jersey Pine Barrens list).  Often labeled as "A. volvata" in the literature.  Common to extremely common.  Very similar to, but usually significantly smaller than, volvata and volvata var. elongata with narrower spores of intermediate Q; marginal striations very distinct upon emergence of the pileus from the volval sac; spores: [1317/65/54] (5.0-) 8.0 - 11.0 (-13.5) × (3.8-) 4.5 - 6.0 (-7.8) µm, (L = (7.6-) 8.5 - 10.6 (-11.0) µm; L’ = 9.6 µm; W = (4.5-) 4.8 - 5.9 (-6.5) µm; W’ = 5.2 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.52 - 2.16 (-2.76); Q = (1.42-) 1.64 - 2.04 (-2.14); Q’ = 1.85).)  [ image ]

     

  3.   sagittaria Tulloss nom. prov. + (RET 10-25-86-E) (RET) (=“speces F3” (Florida list.)  Exannulate, flocculent stipe; copious sheathing universal veil; whole basidiocarp tends to show brick-red staining. Previously collected in Georgia. Spores: [20/1/1] (10.5-) 11.2 - 13.3 (-14.7) × (3.1-) 3.5 - 4.5 µm; L = 12.5 µm; W = 3.8 µm; Q = 2.95 - 3.50 (-4.29); Q = 3.34)

    33.

  4.  volvata (Peck) Lloyd @ (RET 7-16-87-E; S. Harsch 304 & 305; H. D. Thiers 1874 (MICH)) (RET) (=“species T18.”  Uncommon, but locally plentiful.  Larger than its var. volvata and species 41 and with much denser layer of flocculence at the top of the stipe.  Spores: [1223/61/45] (5.8-) 8.4 - 12.3 (-14.2) × (4.5-) 5.2 - 7.2 (-9.0) µm, (L = (8.6-) 9.0 - 11.8 (-12.4) µm; L’ = 10.3 µm; W = (5.1-) 5.5 - 6.8 (-7.6) µm; W’ = 6.2 µm; Q = (1.16-) 1.35 - 1.94 (-2.45); Q = (1.39-) 1.48 - 1.93 (-2.02); Q’ = 1.65).)  [ image ]


Section Lepidella  (Cap margin appendiculate -- at least when young.  Stipe often, but not always, bearing a bulb.  Volva rarely limbate, never as a thick-limbed, multilayered sac on a bulbless stipe base.  A number of species in this section have been found to contain a non-nucleic amino acid that is a severe threat to the human kidney and liver.)  [Note: Also, see "species 6" under section Validae.]
[ sectional links ]  [  top ]  [ meaning of biometric variables ]  [ bibliography ]  [ Amanita Studies home ]  [ checklists & keys page ]


 34.

  1.  abrupta Peck @ (JE86) (LMC81) (WS85) (TMS86) (RET) (Spores: [97/4/4] (6.1-) 7.2 - 9.0 (-10.7) × (4.8-) 5.9 - 7.5 (-9.2) µm, (L = 7.9 - 8.5 µm; L’ = 8.1 µm; W = 6.1 - 6.8 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.07-) 1.10 - 1.40 (-1.61); Q = 1.17 - 1.32; Q’ = 1.23).)  
    [ image ]

    35.

  2.  atkinsoniana Coker (LMC81) (TMS86) [includes “affin. atkinsoniana”] (Uncommon.  Spores: [50/2/2] (8.0-) 8.7 - 10.5 (-13.0) × 5.9 - 7.7 (-8.5) µm, (L = 9.3 - 9.7 µm; L’ = 9.5 µm; W = 6.6 - 6.9 µm; W’ = 6.7 µm; Q = (1.18-) 1.25 - 1.64 (-1.67); Q = 1.41; Q’ = 1.41).)  [ image ]

     36.

  3.  chlorinosma (Peck in Austin) Lloyd (TMS86) ! (Spores: [85/4/4] (7.5-) 8.0 - 11.0 (-12.2) × (4.5-) 4.7 - 6.5 (-7.5) µm, (L = 8.5 - 10.2 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 5.1 - 6.1 µm; W’ = 5.5 µm; Q = (1.37-) 1.45 - 2.02 (-2.35); Q = 1.52 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.69).)   [ image ]

     37.

  4.  cinereoconia G. F. Atk. var. cinereoconia +@! (RET 10-25-86-D, 7-17-87-F?) (TMS86) (RET) (Spores: [40/2/2] (7.0-) 7.3 - 9.8 (-11.2) × (3.8-) 4.2 - 4.9 (-5.9) µm; L = 8.2 - 8.8 µm; L’ = 8.5 µm;W = 4.2 - 4.6 µm; W’ = 4.4 µm; Q = (1.62-) 1.71 - 2.18 (-2.49); Q = 1.80 - 1.97; Q’ = 1.88).)  [ image ]

    38.

  5. cokeri (E. J. Gilbert & Kühner) E. J. Gilbert (WS85) (Spores: [95/5/4] (9.2-) 10.8 - 13.2 (-15.0) × (5.5-) 6.5 - 8.7 (-9.5) µm, (L = 11.4 - 12.7 µm; L’ = 11.9 µm; W = (6.9-) 7.8 - 8.1 µm; W’ = 7.8 µm; Q = (1.27-) 1.35 - 1.79 (-2.0); Q = 1.44 - 1.56 (-1.74); Q’ = 1.53).)   [ image ] 

    39.

  6.  cylindrispora Beardslee ! (RET) (=species 7.  This species is known at least as far north as the New Jersey Pine Barrens. Spores: [530/24/19] (7.8-) 11.5 - 15.8 (-24.5) × (3.2-) 3.8 - 5.0 (-6.2) µm, (L = (11.7-) 11.9 - 14.4 (-15.3) µm; L’ = 13.3 µm; W = 4.0 - 4.8 (-4.9) µm; W’ = 4.3 µm; Q = (1.94-) 2.40 - 3.81 (-5.10); Q = (2.44-) 2.55 - 3.55 (-3.60); Q’ = 3.11).)  [ image ]

    40. 

  7.  daucipes (Mont.) Lloyd ! (TMS86) (Universal veil turns pink to salmon.  Often, a felted or subfelted piece of the universal veil's limbus internus is present at the base of the stipe, above the bulb.  Spores: [100/5/5] (8.0-) 9.1 - 11.5 (-13.8) × (5.3-) 5.5 - 7.2 (-9.9) µm, (L = 9.8 - 10.8 µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 6.0 - 6.5 µm; W’ = 6.2 µm; Q = (1.22-) 1.48 - 1.82 (-1.93); Q = 1.57 - 1.68; Q’ = 1.64).)  [ image ]

    41.

  8.  hesleri Bas (DPL ?; 18.vii.1993 DPL & S. Harsch s.n.) (WS85) (RET) (Universal veil remnants on the pileus can become very dark with age and exposure.  Spores: [260/12/7] (8.5-) 9.5 - 12.5 (-16.1) × (4.8-) 5.1 - 6.5 (-7.8) µm, (L =( 10.0-) 10.4 - 11.1 µm; L’ = 10.7 µm; W = (5.4-) 5.5 - 6.1 µm; W’ = 5.9 µm; Q = (1.50-) 1.60 - 2.18 (-2.70); Q = 1.74 - 1.95 (-2.08); Q’ = 1.84).)  [ image ]

     

  9.  cf. inodora ! (RET 6-10-00-D) (RET) (possibly A. roanokensis sensu Murrill) (Spores: ?)

    43. 

  10.  longipes Bas ex Tulloss & Dav. T. Jenkins ! (RET) (Spores: [820/41/41] (7.2-) 9.8 - 14.0 (-21) × (3.9-) 4.6 - 6.3 (-9.8) µm, (L = (10.3-) 10.4 - 12.7 (-13.6) µm; L’ = 11.8 µm; W = (4.5-) 4.8 - 5.9 (-6.3) µm; W’ = 5.4 µm; Q = (1.50-) 1.75 - 2.63 (-3.50); Q = (1.85-) 1.94 - 2.48 (-2.51); Q’ = 2.20).)  [ image ]

    44.

  11.  microlepis Bas (LMC81) [Diagnosis in LMC81 questionable, illus. seems to be abrupta; however, Hillhouse 184 (MICH) is definitely this species.] (Gills are cafe-au-lait.  Spores: [55/3/3] (8.2-) 8.4 - 10.8 × (5.6-) 5.9 - 7.3 (-8.0) µm, (L = 9.3 - 9.9 µm; L’ = 9.5 µm; W = 6.2 - 7.0 µm; W’ = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.22-) 1.27 - 1.60 (-1.86); Q = 1.36 - 1.51; Q’ = 1.45.)  [ image ]

    45.

  12.  mutabilis Beardslee @ (RET 7-15-87-A) (WS85) (RET) (Odor of anise, raspberry-sherbert staining reaction when cut or broken.  Spores: [195/9/8] (8.7-) 10.0 - 14.6 (-18.9) × (5.0-) 6.0 - 8.0 (-12.6) µm, (L = 11.0 - 12.6 (-13.8) µm; L’ = 12.0 µm; W = 6.6 - 7.6 (-8.3) µm; W’ = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.30-) 1.50 - 1.90 (-2.10); Q = (1.60-) 1.65 - 1.78; Q’ = 1.70).)   [ image ]

    46.

  13.  nauseosa (Wakef.) D. A. Reid (RET 10-26-85-D; DPL 6117) (WS85) (RET) (=praegraveolens (Murrill) Murrill =malodora (Murrill) Murrill.  Spores: [529/25/16] (6.0-) 7.0 - 10.0 (-13.5) × (4.9-) 6.1 - 8.2 (-11.1) µm, (L = 7.4 - 9.4 (-9.6) µm; L' = 8.4 µm; W = (6.3-) 6.5 - 7.8 (-7.9) µm; W' = 7.1 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.05 - 1.40 (-1.86); Q = (1.08-) 1.09 - 1.33 (-1.34); Q' = 1.18).)  [ image ]

    47.

  14.  onusta (Howe) Sacc. @! (WS85) (TMS86) (RET) (Spores: [215/12/12] (7.0-) 8.0 - 11.0 (-13.0) × (5.0-) 5.5 - 7.0 (-8.3) µm, (L = 8.3 - 10.5 (-11.0) µm; L’ = 9.4 µm; W = 5.7 - 6.5 (-7.1) µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.14-) 1.28 - 1.85 (-2.21); Q = 1.35 - 1.65 (-1.84); Q’ = 1.52).)  [ image ]

    48.

  15.  pelioma Bas @! (Jenkins 2791; RET 6-10-00-F, -H) (JE86) (TMS86) (RET) (So far as is known, the only Amanita  in the region with blue-green stains in remains of the universal veil.  Spores: (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.5 × (6.0-) 6.5 - 8.0 µm; Q = 1.45 - 1.85; Q = 1.65)  [ image ]

    49.  

  16.  polypyramis (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. +H (RET 10-25-86-F, -I) (LMC81) (WS85) (TMS86) (RET) (Pileus can be the size of a dinner plate -- a very large fruiting body.  Spores: [285/13/11] (7.0-) 9.1 - 13.0 (-17.5) × (5.2-) 5.9 - 7.7 (-9.5) µm, (L = (9.0-) 10.0 - 12.1 µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = 6.5 - 7.2 (-7.4) µm; W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.11-) 1.38 - 1.93 (-2.02); Q = (1.35-) 1.50 - 1.81; Q’ = 1.67).)  
    [ image ]

    50.

  17.  praelongispora (Murrill) Murrill @! (RET 7-16-87-J, 6-8-00-A) (JE86) (LMC81) (TMS86) (RET) (Spores: [20/1/1] (10.5-) 11.2 - 12.9 (-16.4) × 4.2 - 4.9 (-5.2) µm; L 11.6 µm; W = 4.6 µm; Q = 2.29 - 2.56 (-3.15); Q = 2.53)  [ image ]

    51.  

  18.  ravenelii (Berk. & Curt.) Sacc. (BAS69) (JE86) (The range of this species lies predominantly in the southeastern US.  Warts like hills with radial erosion on sides; bulb from top-shaped to irregular.  Spores: [285/13/11] (7.0-) 8.0 - 11.9 (14.0) × (4.6-) 5.2 - 7.7 (-8.5) µm, (L = (8.3-) 8.5 - 11.1 µm; L’ = 9.7; W = 5.6 - 7.0 (-7.4) µm; W’ = 6.3 µm; Q = (1.23-) 1.33 - 1.81 (-2.50); Q = 1.46 - 1.64 (-1.81); Q’ = 1.54).)   [ image ]

    52.

  19.  rhoadsii (Murrill) Murrill var. rhoadsii @! (RET 7-16-87-B, -H, DPL 4310) (BAS69) (JE86) (RET) (=“species T17.” Worth noting that sometimes the inflated cells in the volva on the pileus have umbrinous contents and that the values of Q are persistently low compared to material from Florida. Spores [combined Florida and Gulf Coast as of 2.ix.2000]: [85/3/3] (9.8-) 10.1 - 14.5 (-18.5) × (3.5-) 3.8 - 4.8 µm, (L = 11.7 - 13.9 µm; L' = 12.1 µm; W = 4.1 - 4.3 µm; W' = 4.3 µm; Q = (2.22-) 2.40 - 3.49 (-4.14); Q = 2.66 - 3.25; Q' = 2.82).)  [ image ]

    53.  

  20.  rhopalopus Bas (TMS86) ((Uncommon to rare.  Bulb is often rooting, but with a distinct and rather abrupt terminus.  Occasionally, the bulb may be top-shaped.  Spores: [110/5/5] (7.3-) 8.0 - 10.9 (-12.5) × (4.8-) 5.4 - 6.8 (-8.1) µm, (L = 8.6 - 10.0 µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = 5.9 - 6.4 µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.19-) 1.32 - 1.745 (-1.88); Q = 1.46 - 1.61; Q’ = 1.52).)  [ image ]

     

  21.  roanokensis Coker ! (RET 6-10-00-J) (RET) (Spores: ?)

     

  22.  silvifuga Bas (BAS69) (JE86) (Spores: [77/5/1] (8.0-) 8.2 - 11.0 (-13.5) × 5.5 - 7.5 (-9.5) µm, (L = 8.9 - 9.7 µm; L' = 9.4 µm; W = 6.2 - 6.6 µm; W' = 6.4 µm; Q = (1.18-) 1.32 - 1.64 (-1.83); Q = 1.42 - 1.51; Q' = 1.46).)

    56.

  23.  subcaligata (A. H. Sm. & P. M. Rea) Tulloss (BAS69) (JE86) (RET) (=salmonea Thiers. Spores (from holotype): [60/3/1] (9.2-) 10.2 - 13.0 (-14.0) × (7.0-) 7.8 -9.8 (-11.2) µm, (L = 11.4 - 11.9 µm; W = 8.7 - 9.1 µm; Q = (1.09-) 1.14 - 1.42 (-1.47); Q = 1.31 - 1.32).)  [ image ]

    57.  

  24.  subsolitaria (Murrill) Murrill (RET) ! (Both normal and yellow-staining specimens were found at the Beaumont foray. Moderately rooting, carrot-like bulb; usually a few forking gills can be found.  Spores: [596/27/27] (7.3-) 9.1 - 14.0 (-21) × (3.5-) 4.2 - 5.2 (-6.5) µm, (L = (8.9-) 9.6 - 12.7 (-13.6) µm; L’ = 11.4 µm; W = (4.1-) 4.3 - 5.1 µm; W’ = 4.6 µm; Q = (1.57-) 2.0 - 3.0 (-3.83); Q = (2.03-) 2.21 - 2.79 (-2.81); Q’ = 2.47).). This entity, apparently when infected by one or more imperfect fungi and/or bacteria, produces sterile or smaller-spored basidiocarps that become brilliant yellow or yellow-orange on exposure to air. In this condition, Q is highly variable. Spores from material determined as A. crassifolia: [45/2/2] (6.6-) 8.7 - 11.5 (-14.0) × (4.2-) 4.5 - 6.0 (-6.3) µm, (L = 10.2 - 10.3 µm; L’ = 10.2 µm; W = 5.1 - 5.5 µm; W’ = 5.3 µm; Q = (1.47-) 1.72 - 2.22 (-2.50); Q = 1.89 - 1.99; Q’ = 1.95).)  [ image ]

    58.

  25.  thiersii Bas (DPL 600, 1485-(1499)) (BAS69) (WS85) (JE86) (TMS86) (RET) (Spores: [20/1/1] (7.8-) 8.0 - 9.8 (-11.0) × (7.0-) 7.2 - 9.0 (-10.0) µm, (L = 8.7 µm; W = 8.2 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.15 (-1.17); Q = 1.07)  [ image ]

    59.

  26.  westii (Murrill) Murrill (DPL 4074, 8117) (RET) (Spores: [140/6/4] (8.5-) 10.5 - 13.9 (-15.5) × (5.0-) 6.0 - 7.8 (-8.2) µm; L = 11.0 - 12.8 µm; L' = 12.2 µm; W = 6.6 - 7.3 µm; W' = 6.9 µm; Q = (1.42-) 1.53 - 2.0 (-2.18); Q = 1.67 - 1.87; Q' = 1.77)  [ image ]

     

  27.  species T12 @ (RET 7-14-87-J) (RET) (Medium size, fine gray pulverulence on cap and stipe, exannulate. Spores: [20/1/1] (6.6-) 7.0 - 9.1 (-10.1) × (5.2-) 5.6 - 7.3 µm; L = 8.2 µm; W = 6.6 µm; Q = (1.15-) 1.19 - 1.33 (-1.43); Q = 1.25)

     

  28.  species T13 @ (Jenkins 2786) (RET) (White, saccate volva, but with thick inner floccose layer; important for boundary to section Amidella(?). Spores: [10/1] 10.47 - 12.38 × (4.30-) 4.76 (-5.26) µm; L = 11.22 µm; W = 4.76 µm; Q = 2.20 - 2.66; Q = 2.35)

     

  29.  species T26 (RET 8-7-87-SM1) (RET) (Entirely white with faint, slow yellowing; clamped basidia; small, detersile volval warts; collapsing submembranous, subapical annulus; clavate stipe; odor of chlorine; spores: [20/1/1] 8.4 - 10.5 (10.8) × (5.2-) 5.6 - 6.3 µm; L = 9.6 µm; W = 5.9 µm; Q = (1.33-) 1.49 - 1.88; Q = 1.64) NB: Why didn't I put this under chlorinosma?

     

  30.  species T29 (DPL 3125) (RET) (An immature specimen w/out spores. Cap and stipe covered with white powdery universal veil; ’chloride of lime smell”; stipe 180 × 11 - 13 mm, slightly rooting and tapered at base, bulbless; universal veil would place the entity in subsection Vittadiniae; photo suggests A. thiersii (above).)

     

Section Phalloideae (All regional taxa in this section should be assumed to contain deadly amatoxins (also called amanitins), although the concentration can vary greatly from one specimen to another even within a single species.  Soft to firm stipe bulb with limbate volva, not complexly layered; pileus margin not appendiculate.  Stipe always with a membranous (rarely felted in A. magnivelaris) partial veil.  Basidia usually rather short and always lacking basal clamps.)
[ sectional links ]  [  top ]  [ meaning of biometric variables ]  [ bibliography ]  [ Amanita Studies home ]   [ checklists & keys page ]  [ N. Amer. Phal. Key ]

 64. 

  1.  bisporigera G. F. Atk. +@! (LMC81) (WS85) (JE86) (TMS86) (RET) (Common.  Often reported as "A. virosa" in US literature. As far as us known, the European A. virosa does not occur naturally in the Americas.  One collection from Virginia is molecularly similar to the European taxon and may have been introduced (unpublished data).  Contains deadly amatoxins.  Reacts brilliant yellow to 5% - 10% KOH solution.  Spores: [452/19/16] (5.2-) 7.2 - 9.9 (-11.0) × (4.8-) 6.5 - 8.6 (-10.0) µm, (L = (7.8-) 7.9 - 9.2 (-9.6) µm; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = (7.0-) 7.1 - 8.1 (-8.2) µm; W’ = 7.5 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.25 (-1.70); Q = (1.05-) 1.06 - 1.18 (-1.20); Q’ = 1.11).)  [ image ]

     

  2.  elliptosperma G. F. Atk. @ (RET 7-14-87-G) (RET) (Formerly called “species T20” in this list. The name "A. verna" (see below) may have occasionally been used to reference this species in the literature.  Medium sized, white, pointed bulb, thin limbate volval. There are a number of similar species that are addressed on the species page for A. elliptosperma.  Contains deadly amatoxins.  The range of this species extends to at least central New York [state].  Spores [including type]: [807/35/30] (6.8-) 8.3 - 11.5 (-16.3) × (4.8-) 5.8 - 8.0 (-11.0) µm, (L = (8.7-) 8.8 - 10.8 (-11.5) µm; L’ = 9.8 µm; W = (5.5-) 6.0 - 7.7 (-8.0) µm; W’ = 6.8 µm; Q = (1.12-) 1.26 - 1.66 (-2.29); Q = (1.32-) 1.35 - 1.57 (-1.65); Q’ = 1.44).)

     

  3.   suballiacea (Murrill) Murrill (TMS86)

     

  4.   verna sensu auct. amer. orient. (LMC81) (TMS86) (So far as is known, the European A. verna does not occur in the Americas.)

     

  5.   virosiformis (Murrill) Murrill ! (LMC81) (TMS86) (RET) (.)

    69.

  6.  species 33 + (RET 10-25-86-J) (RET) (Whitish to slightly sordid, small, suggesting bisporigera including yellow reaction to KOH and negative reaction to L-tyrosine, basidia 4-spored, but spores often broadly ellipsoid. Probably contains deadly amatoxins.  Known as far north as the New Jersey pine barrens. Molecular work will probably clarify the relationship of this taxon to A. bisporigera.  Spores: [20/1/1] (8.0-) 8.7 - 9.4 (-10.8) × 6.6 - 8.4 (-8.7) µm; L = 9.0 µm; W = 7.6 µm; Q = (1.08-) 1.12 - 1.25 (-1.39); Q = 1.19.)    [ image ]

     

  7.  species S4 + (RET 10-25-86-C, -L) (RET) (White undecorated pileus, globose bulb with saccate universal veil, chlorine-type odor, pileus negative with KOH, tyrosinase-positive, laccase-positive only in immature basidiocarps, stature virosa- or verna-like, but with appendiculate margin and felted annulus with flocculent limbus internus becoming distributed flocculence on stipe. This entity has previously been encountered in South Carolina. Spores: [65/3/2] (7.3-) 8.4 - 10.8 (-11.9) × (4.9-) 5.2 - 7.0 µm; L = 9.0 - 9.6 µm; L' = 9.3 µm; W = 5.9 - 6.0 µm; W' = 5.9 µm; Q = (1.30-) 1.36 - 1.90 (-1.93); Q = 1.50 - 1.60; Q' = 1.54)

     

  8.  species T19 @ (RET 7-17-87-E, 7-18-87-C, -J) (RET) (Small, white, delicate, somewhat watersoaked appearance in pileus; very close to A. gwyniana except the volval limb seems thinner and the bulb is narrower than in Coker's description; spores: [40/2/2] (9.1-) 9.4 - 11.2 (-12.6) × (6.3-) 6.6 - 7.7 (-8.7) µm; L = L' = 10.5 µm; W = 7.1 - 7.5 µm; W' = 7.3 µm; Q = (1.24-) 1.34 - 1.57 (-1.64); Q = 1.45 - 1.47; Q' = 1.46)

     

  9.  species T25 @ (RET 7-18-87-D) (RET) (Spores: [])

     

  10.  species T27 (RET 1-30-89-A) (RET) (This small white entity has some characters in common with A. pseudoverna (Murrill) Murrill; but has rather plentiful ovoid to broadly clavate inflated cells in the interior of the universal veil tissue on the bulb; it may be A. suballiacea; or it may(?) belong in section Amidella. Spores: [25/1/1] (8.0-) 9.0 - 10.5 (-12.5) × (7.0-) 7.2 - 9.0 µm; L = 9.6 µm; W = 7.9 µm; Q = 1.11 - 1.35; Q = 1.22)

     

Section Validae (Universal veil almost always friable, appearing as a small limb only in taxa with a marginate stipe bulb.  Stipe always annulate.  Pilei may be brightly colored.  Basidia usually rather short and always lacking basal clamps.  While some of the taxa in this section may not contain a hemolytic compound, a number of them do.  Therefore, ingestion of species in this section without thorough cooking is to be strongly discouraged.  Experimentation with eating amanitas is not a good idea at any rate.)
[ sectional links ]  [  top ]  [ meaning of biometric variables ]  [ bibliography ]  [ Amanita Studies home ]  [checklists & keys page ]

 74.

  1.  aestivalis Singer ex Singer ! (LMC81) (Uncommon.  With habit resembling that of A. brunnescens; however, staining reaction is very slow.  Pileus is dominantly pure white with some yellowish tint over disc at times. At the moment this taxon is maintained distinct from A. brunnescens (below).  Spores: [200/9/6] (5.8-) 7.0 - 9.5 (-10.9) × (5.0-) 6.8 - 8.8 (-10.5) µm, (L = (7.6-) 7.9 - 8.6 µm; L’ = 8.4 µm; W = (7.2-) 7.5 - 8.0 µm; W’ = 7.8 µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.02 - 1.14 (-1.20); Q = 106 - 1.08 (-1.09); Q’ = 1.07).)  
    [ image ]

    75.

  2.  brunnescens G. F. Atk. @! (LMC81) (TMS86) (RET) (=A. brunnescens var. pallida L. Krieg. Extremely common.  Spores: [35/2/2] (7.0-) 7.5 - 9.2 (-9.5) × (6.5-) 7.0 - 8.5 (-9.2) µm, (L = 8.2 - 8.7 µm; L’ = µm; W = 7.6 - 8.0 µm; W’ = µm; Q = (1.0-) 1.03 - 1.15 (-1.18); Q = 1.08; Q’ = 1.08).)  [ image ]

     

  3.  citrina sensu auct. amer. orient. H (WS85) (TMS86) (RET) (The European A. citrina (now correctly called A. bulbosa) apparently does not exist in the Americas.  It is possible that all collections referred to this name in eastern North America actually represent f. lavendula, see below.)

    77.  

  4.   citrina f. lavendula (Coker) Veselý H (RET 12-2-89-I) (LMC81) (JE86) (RET) (Extremely common, although not always revealing any lavender coloring.  [To bring out the lavender color it often works to expose a fruiting body to near freezing (or just freezing) temperatures overnight.]  So far as is known, this taxon differs from A. citrina sensu auct amer. only by the tendency of its volva, pileipellis, context, etc. to turn lavender.  There is a possibility that the lavender form is produced by environmental effects; and that there is really only a single taxon involved.  Spores: [55/3/3] (6.3-) 6.4 - 8.0 (-8.8) × (5.2-) 5.5 - 7.1 (-7.8) µm, (L = 7.0 - 7.2 µm; L’ = 7.1 µm; W = 6.0 - 6.4 µm; W’ = 6.2 µm; Q = (1.03-) 1.05 - 1.26 (-1.30); Q = 1.11 - 1.18; Q’ = 1.15).)  [ image ]

    78.

  5.  flavoconia G. F. Atk. var. flavoconia G. F. Atk. var. flavoconia +@! (LMC81) (JE86) (TMS86) (RET) (Extremely common, with a wide variety of symbionts.  Spores: [139/8/8] (6.5-) 6.8 - 9.0 (-10.6) × (4.8-) 5.0 - 7.0 (-8.9) µm, (L = 7.2 - 8.2 (-8.6) µm; L’ = 7.9 µm; W = (5.3-) 5.5 - 6.9 µm; W’ = 6.0 µm; Q = (1.08-) 1.15 - 1.50 (-1.64); Q = 1.21 - 1.43 (-1.49); Q’ = 1.33).)  [ image ]

     79.

  6.  flavorubens (Berk. & Mont.) Sacc. @ (LMC81) (WS85) (JE86) (TMS86) (RET) [includes "affin. flavorubescens"] (=A. flavorubescens G. F. Atk. Spores: [180/9/8] (7.4-) 7.8 - 11.0 (-12.6) × (4.9-) 5.4 - 7.0 (-8.4) µm, (L = 8.3 - 9.7 ( -10.7) µm; L’ = 9.2 µm; W = ( 5.5-) 5.7 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.1 µm; Q = (1.17-) 1.28 - 1.76 (-1.96); Q = ( 1.34-) 1.37 - 1.67; Q’ = 1.52).)  [ image ]

     

  7.  cf. porphyria Albertini & Schwein. : Fr. (TMS86)

     81. 

  8.  rubescens sensu auct. amer orient.. @H! (LMC81) (WS85) (TMS86) (RET) (Extremely common.  This entry includes specimens with yellowish underside of the partial veil which do not represent the f. annulosulfurea of Europe. Spores: [40/2/2] (7.0-) 7.3 - 9.5 (-9.8) × (5.6-) 5.9 - 7.0 (-7.3) µm, (L = 7.9 - 9.1 µm; L’ = 8.5 µm; W = 6.4 - 6.6 µm; W’ = 6.5 µm; Q = (1.05-) 1.14 - 1.46 (-1.53); Q = 1.23 - 1.38; Q’ = 1.31).)  [ image ]

     

  9.  ?spissa (Fr.) Kummer (LMC81) (TMS86) (Doubtful determination.)

     

  10.  spissa var. alba Coker nom. inval. (LMC81) (Poorly known taxon.  Type consists only of a spore print.  Spores (per Jenkins): 6.3 - 7.5 × 4.2 - 5.0 µm; Q' = 1.50.)

     

  11.  species N5 ! (RET 6-10-00-N) (RET) (This undescribed species is known from as far north as Massachusetts. ?)

     

  12.  species T3 + (RET 10-25-86-K) (RET) (A white, small, annulate, rooting entity with a pronounced odor of ripe pears. Spores: [20/1/1] (6.6-) 7.0 - 8.4 (-8.7) × 4.5 - 5.9 µm; L = 7.6 µm; W = 5.1 µm; Q = (1.24-) 1.30 - 1.71; Q = 1.48)

     

  13.  species T4 + (RET 10-25-86-G, 10-15-89-A) (RET) (A slender, medium to large mushroom with brownish gray virgate pileus; thin, membranous, white, nearly apical annulus; often with an elongate somewhat rooting bulb; odor absent to faint to faintly phenolic; very like species 18 of my New Jersey Pine Barrens Amanita list, but that has a more nearly ovoid bulb and a fruity odor. Spores: [20/1/1] (5.9-) 6.3 - 9.1 (-11.9) × 4.5 - 5.6 (-7.0) µm; L = 7.9 µm; W = 5.1 µm; Q = (1.20-) 1.27 - 1.63 (-1.75); Q = 1.53)

     

  14.  species T15 @ (RET 7-17-87-B; Jenkins 2795) (RET) (little yellow pileus; suggesting gemmata, but with amyloid spores; spores: )

     

  15.  species T34 ! (RET) (olivaceous over margin, orange-brown over disc, faintly virgate)

     

 

Not assigned to section (none listed at this time).

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

[BAS69] Bas, C. 1969. Morphology and subdivision of Amanita and a monograph of its section Lepidella. Persoonia 5: 285-579.

[CO88] Cibula, W. G. and C. L. Ovrebo. 1988. Mycosociological studies of mycorrhizal fungi in two Loblolly Pine plots in Mississippi and some relationships with remote sensing. Remote Sensing for Resource Inventory, Planning and Monitoring, Proc. 2nd Forest Service Remote Sensing Application Conference, J. D. Greer, ed. (Slidell, Louisiana and NSTL, Mississippi, April 11-15, 1988): 268-307.

[COK17] Coker, W. C. 1917. ?

[JE77] Jenkins, D. T. 1977. A taxonomic and nomenclatural study of the genus Amanita section Amanita for North America. Biblioth. Mycol. 57: 1-126.

[JE86] _____. 1986. Amanita in North America. Mad River, Eureka. vi+198 pp.

[JE88] _____. 1988. A new species of Amanita from North America: Amanita levistriata. Mycotaxon 32: 415-419.

[LEW78] Lewis, D. P. 1978. Agaricales of southeast Texas. M.S. thesis. (Lamar Univ., Beaumont, Texas). x+168 pp.

[LMC81] _____ and J. L. McGraw, Jr. 1981. Agaricales, Family Amanitaceae, of the Big Thicket. Southwestern Naturalist 26(1): 1-4.

[MM85] Metzler, S. and V. Metzler. 1985?. Texas Mycological Society composite species list 1977-1985. mimeo. 7 pp. (in reduced type form).

[[MM92] _____ and _____. 1992. Texas mushrooms. (Univ. Texas Press, Austin). vii+350 pp.

[TMS81] Texas Mycological Society. 1981. ?

[THI57] Thiers, H. D. 1957. The agaric flora of Texas. I. New species of agarics and boletes. Mycologia 49: 707-722.

[RET] Tulloss, R. E., unpublished collecting notes.

[RET05] _____. 2005. Amanita—distribution in the Americas with comparison to eastern and southern Asia and notes on spore character variation with latitude and ecology. Mycotaxon 93: 189-231.

[TL94] _____ and D. P. Lewis. 1994. Amanita westii—taxonomy and distribution. A rare species from states bordering the Gulf of Mexico. Mycotaxon 50: 131-138.

[TS95] _____, S. L. Stephenson, R. P. Bhatt and A. Kumar. 1995. Studies of Amanita (Amanitaceae) in West Virginia and adjacent areas of the mid-Appalachians. Preliminary results. Mycotaxon 56: 243-293.

[WS85] Weber, N. S. and A. H. Smith. 1985. A field guide to southern mushrooms. Michigan Univ. Press. viii+280 pp.

This page is maintained by R. E. Tulloss.
Last changed 2 December 2007.  [ top of page ]
Copyright 2007 by Rodham E. Tulloss and David P. Lewis
Photographs copyright by the photographers (see individual species pages if credits not listed on this page).